How People Learn: Bridging Research and Practice,

Learning Principles:

1. Students have preconceptions.
2. To develop competance, students must:
   1. have a deep foundation of factual knowledge
   2. understand facts and ideas in the context of a conceptual framework
   3. organize knowledge in ways that facilitate retrieval and appreciation
3. Meta-cognitive instruction helps students control their learning by defining learning goals and monitoring progress.

Implications for Teaching:

1. Teachers must draw out and work with preexisting understandings
2. Teach concepts in depth--with examples and foundation of facts
   • Asses deep understanding, not surface/breadth
3. Teach metacognitive skills
   • Integrate into multiple subject areas

Order to Chaos:

• Need to know context and task to know what teaching method to use

Designing Classroom Environments:

1. Schools and classrooms must be learner centered
   • Cultural differences
   • Student perceptions
2. For a Knowledge-centered classroom, attention must be paid to:
   • What is taught (information)
   • Why it is taught (understanding)
   • What mastery looks like
3. Formative assessments are essential
4. Learning influenced by context: community centered with context in learning